Instrumental Rationality and the Instrumental Doctrine :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Instrumental Rationality and the Instrumental Doctrine ABSTRACT: In opposition to the instrumental doctrine of rationality, I argue that the rationality of the end served by a strategy is a necessary condition of the rationality of the strategy itself: means to ends cannot be rational unless the ends are rational. First, I explore cases-involving ‘proximate’ ends (that is, ends whose achievement is instrumental to the pursuit of some more fundamental end) — where even instrumentalists must concede that the rationality of a strategy presupposes the rationality of the end it serves. Second, I draw attention to the counter-intuitive consequences — in cases involving ‘non-proximate’ ends — of substituting (allegedly more manageable) questions about de facto ends for questions about the rationality of ends. Third, I argue-against Nozick — that it is a mistake to suppose that the only question dividing instrumentalists from non-instrumentalists is whether the instrumental doctrine needs sup plementation. Finally, I try to show that questions about the rationality of ends need not be viewed as impossibly daunting. According to the instrumental doctrine of rationality in the version relevant to the argument of this paper, an action (decision, policy, strategy, etc.) is rational provided it is an effective and economical means to the achievement of some de facto objective. If we formulate the instrumentalist position in terms of the familiar doctrine of the practical syllogism, the crucial thesis is that the action which forms the conclusion of the syllogism is rational provided (1) the major premise identifies a de facto objective of the agent's, and (2) the minor premise shows the action to be an effective and economical means to the achievement of that objective. The typical noninstrumentalist position, by contrast, would be that for the action in the conclusion to be one it is rational for the agent to perform, it must serve an objective it is rational for the agent to pursue: the major premise must identify a rational objective of some sort, not simply an objective the agent happens to have . I. The Instrumental Doctrine and "Proximate" Ends One way of denting the instrumentalist position is to explore cases where the action said to be rational is an effective and economical means of enabling the agent to achieve an end he or she is pursuing only because its achievement is (held to be) indispensable to effective pursuit of some more fundamental objective. These are cases where the agent is pursuing (what we might call) a "proximate" end, an end which is thought to be worth pursuing only because its achievement is a means to effective pursuit of a more basic end.

Achievements of Alfred Hitchcock Essay

Alfred Hitchcock, born in 1899 in England, remains a prominent figure in the world of cinema. Hitchcock’s passion for film began in his childhood with his first job as writer of the title cards for silent films and, later on, becoming a director. Influenced by his Catholic upbringing, Hitchcock developed a sense of guilt and sin throughout his life with which he portrays in his work (Kehoe N. P. ). As the leading director in the 1930’s, Hitchcock set the standard for international intrigue with his classic thrillers. His mastery of suspense and his unprecedented technique still makes him one of the most popular and celebrated film directors of all time (Flint N. P. ). Alfred Hitchcock has numerous accomplishments; the most noteworthy being his films Vertigo (1958), Psycho (1960), and The Birds (1963). Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo (1958) raises performance to such a personal level that it addresses the nature of human personality itself (Sterritt 113). The protagonist in the film is John â€Å"Scottie† Ferguson, a former police detective, who has been forced into early retirement due to vertigo and depression. Scottie is then hired as a private investigator to follow a woman, Madeleine Elster, who had been behaving peculiarly. Vertigo is a film that operates on emotions and negative feelings. Hitchcock’s use of â€Å"fade to black† illustrates his tendency to emphasize the film’s most emotionally meaningful moments with a touch of theatricality. This technique intensifies the otherworldliness that becomes Vertigo’s most significant quality (Sterritt 92). Vertigo has a clear association with insanity; Michel Foucault, a French social theorist, states that it â€Å"affords the delirious affirmation that the world is really ‘turning around,’† such delirium being â€Å"a necessary and sufficient reason for a disease to be called madness† (Sterritt 98). The repeated shot of Scottie’s troubled gaze into an abyss below solidifies the ingenuity and peculiarity of Vertigo (Sterritt 82). This shot provides a visual approximation of the psychological condition- extreme dizziness and disorientation- that is affecting Scottie. Hitchcock enhances the approach on point of view by providing information to the audience â€Å"through Scottie’s eyes† (Sterritt 83). Vertigo’s conclusion is unusual for its time because of its depiction of a neurotic hero, not a common feature in mainstream cinema (Sterritt 92). Alfred Hitchcock reached his artistic peak with his filming of Psycho (1960), which set a new level of acceptability for violence, deviant behavior and sexuality in American films (Flint N. P. ). The protagonist Marion Crane ends up at a secluded motel after embezzling money from her boss. She finds herself faced with the motel’s disturbed owner, Norman Bates. Hitchcock described the beginning of Psycho as a way of distracting the audience’s attention â€Å"in order to heighten the murder† (Baer N. P. ). One of the main themes in Psycho is voyeurism or the practice of spying on people engaged in intimate behaviors. Many critics feel that the film not only maintains a general sense of voyeurism, but a specific indictment of voyeurism with the audience- what Hitchcock called â€Å"Peeping Tom audiences. † Psycho manipulates the audience in supporting a thief, Marion Crane, which allows the viewers to become personally involved in the character’s guilt. Joseph Stefano, a writer for Hollywood films, states â€Å"In a more general sense, I think a fundamental essence of watching films is voyeuristic because we intrude so deeply into the characters’ lives—while sitting in the dark. It’s not necessarily sexual, although it can be, but its power to involve us with the characters is incredible† (Baer N. P. ). Alfred Hitchcock introduces a new narrative dimension in Psycho by including his personal appearance in the film; He faces away from the camera indicating his control over the film and keeping with theme of voyeurism (Sterritt 103). Hitchcock viewed his actors’ performance as the very essence of human identity; Psycho’s character Norman’s performance being the most profound of all of Hitchcock’s performances. Norman gives himself up to his character by assuming her voice, her appearance, her movements, and her thoughts. Hitchcock uniquely displays Norman’s performances with his use of window/curtain imagery. The windows and curtains indicate that the viewers are a â€Å"private audience† (Sterritt 113). By distancing the audience from the characters, Hitchcock achieves both an alienation affect and a sense of intimacy between the character and the audience (Sterritt 114). Alfred Hitchcock’s The Birds (1963) is the most radical of all his films because of its refusal to return the audience to normality (Sterritt 121). When asked what the film was about, Hitchcock replied â€Å"people’s ‘lack of concern about the fact that nature can turn on them’† (Abrash 153). The Birds takes place in Bodega Bay, California, which suddenly undergoes a series of widespread and violent bird attacks. The Birds is a follow-up to Psycho with Hitchcock attempting to go further beyond the boundaries of rationality. Not only does the film display the irrational, but it also becomes the irrational by prohibiting natural causes to bring real and fantastic elements together. With the filming of The Birds, Hitchcock violates the rules of classical cinematic storytelling in order to actualize the fears that lurk in everyone’s unconsciousness (Sterritt 121). With the lack of a conventional ending, The Birds represents Hitchcock’s ultimate gesture of despair over the power of the characters. The protagonists remain in danger, the antagonists gain even more power, and the emotional relationships of the characters are only partially resolved. The resulting visual allows the characters to work towards a better world (Sterritt 124). The film critic Robin Wood’s interpretation of The Birds was â€Å"a concrete embodiment of the arbitrary and the unpredictable [†¦] a reminder of fragility and instability that cannot be ignored or evaded and, beyond that, of the possibility that life is meaningless and absurd† (Abrash 154). In carefully balancing the ordinary and the bizarre, Alfred Hitchcock was the most noted juggler of emotions in film history. The majority of his films were meticulous creations of nightmares consisting of peril and pursuit relieved by unexpected comic ironies and absurdities. Hitchcock’s style of always stressing imagery over dialogue gave him a distinct reputation. All of these achievements allowed Alfred Hitchcock to be the recipient of the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1967. When asked what his approach was on filmmaking, Hitchcock responded with â€Å"some films are slices of life, mine are slices of cake† (Flint N. P. ).

Contributing Factors for the Degradation in Mental Illness...

Melissa Mills Compare/Contrast October 5, 2011 Intro to Lit. MW 3:00 Contributing Factors for the Degradation in Mental Illness of the Nameless Narrator and Bartleby Until the late 1800’s when psychoanalysis was introduced, there was little to no distinction between classifications of mental illness. The female protagonist in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Bartleby of Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivenor† are both characters that seem to suffer from depression. Gilman’s narrator suffers from a ‘temporary nervous depression—a slight hysterical tendency’ that regresses into insanity and irrational behavior as Bartley is unmotivated, passive resistant and reticent. The regressing mental illnesses of the†¦show more content†¦Bartleby can also contribute oppression from a previous job as a Dead Letter Office worker in which one can assume would contribute to depression and possibly fear. Therefore, the nameless narrator and Bartleby’s oppression is a possible aspect in contributing to their mental illness. Similarly, the narrator of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and the character Bartleby both experience a state of isolation that could contribute to their mental illnesses, however, Gilman’s narrator is suffocated by the coerced isolation by John, and yet Bartleby’s isolation is a product of his own free-will. Gilman’s protagonist is locked in a top floor room with bars on the window and minimal, controlled social interactions and forced feedings. She is isolated from true expression to her husband for fear of his thoughts about her. This isolation and repressing seems to bring about the obsession to decode the wall paper, hallucinations about a woman trying to escape the multi-layered print and irrational thoughts that she is the woman that needs to get out; all indicate mental illness. Melville’s Bartleby isolates himself by not communicating his intentions or responding, refusing assistance and exhibiting inaction in his life. Isolation can also be s een in this story when Bartleby is imprisoned for failing to comply with authority in removing himself from the law office building in

Ghettos Description in Night by Elie Wiesel Essay - 781 Words

The term ghetto, originally derived from Venetian dialect in Italy during the sixteenth century, has multiple variations of meaning. The primary perception of the word is â€Å"synonymous with segregation† (Bassi). The first defining moment of the ghetto as a Jewish neighborhood was in sixteenth century Italy; however, the term directly correlates with the beginning of the horror that the Jewish population faced during Adolph Hitler’s reign. â€Å"No ancient ghetto knew the terror and suffering of the ghettos under Hitler† (Weisel, After the Darkness 20). Under Hitler’s terror, there were multiple ghettos throughout several cities in numerous countries ranging in size and population. Ghettos also differed in purpose; some were temporary housing†¦show more content†¦Men were required to shave their beards. Acts of marriage and sexual intercourse plus the possession of gold and other valuables was also unauthorized. Dependent upon the ghetto, the ty pe of Jewish branding required differed. The traditional requirement of an armband soon changed into â€Å"these badges, in alignment with regulations for the Jews in the Altreich, had to be displayed both on the back and on the left side of the chest† (qtd. in Fischthal). To make matters worse, Jews were required to buy them. Germans or members of the Jà ¼discher Ordnungsdienst, Jewish police, consistently guarded the streets of the ghetto. The Jewish police were usually individuals that served a community role prior to entrance into the ghetto and were assigned duties mainly to prevent any resistance uprising. In the event a conflict did occur, the losses endured would be Jewish and not German. Members of the Judenrà ¤t, the Jewish council assigned to assist in self-government, were required to consolidate the lists of individuals to be deported. Many individuals of the council and police stayed grounded in their faith and were honest to their own people; however, many al so turned in favor of their own lives. In Memoirs, Elie Weisel talks about how there was minimal corruption within the Judenrà ¤t within in Sighet. â€Å"I don’t know of a single case in which anyone is alleged to have been beaten or humiliated by the Jewish police or Judenrà ¤t† (qtd. inShow MoreRelatedRoad Rage1653 Words   |  7 PagesHolocaust: Life in the ghettos, Dr. Mengele’s medical care, and food in the camps Genocide during WWII was unbelievably cruel and awful. The Holocaust was sure to be remembered from this time period and have permanently engraved horrible memories into those who survived. During the Holocaust many victims suffered while living in the ghettos, soon to reach the camps they also suffered there as well. The encounters with Dr. Mengele were unbearable too. Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night is very important especiallyRead MoreThe Holocaust: Night by Elie Wiesel1635 Words   |  7 PagesJews were persecuted, tortured and slaughtered in concentration camps (â€Å"The Holocaust† 1). Night by Elie Wiesel is the powerful memoir of his experiences during the Holocaust. Night shows the tragedy of the Holocaust through the use literary devices, including the themes of loss of faith and cruelty toward other human beings, night as a symbol of suffering and fear, and the use of first person narrative. Night allows the reader to emotionally connect with the victims of th e Holocaust, encourages themRead More Eile Wiesels Night Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesEile Wiesels Night Eile Wiesel was born in Transalvanya. He was asked many times to write about his experinces in the Holocaust. He waited ten years after he was freed from Buchenwald, he didnt want to write a hate-filled account of his experince. He recived the Noble Prize for Night in 1992. He lives in the United states and teaches at Boston University. Setting: Night takes place in World War II in the 1940s. It starts in Sighet, Hingary. When the Nazis arrive in Hunary and the JewsRead More Night by Elie Wiesel Essay1917 Words   |  8 PagesNight by Elie Wiesel Nobody wants to read such a morbid book as Night. There isn’t anybody (other than the Nazis and Neo-Nazis) who enjoys reading about things like the tortures, the starvation, and the beatings that people went through in the concentration camps. Night is a horrible tale of murder and of man’s inhumanity towards man. We must, however, read these kinds of books regardless. It is an indefinitely depressing subject, but because of its truthfulness and genuine historic valueRead More Holocaust Essay3093 Words   |  13 Pagesbetween day and night is defined by an absolute line of division. For the Jewish culture in the twentieth century, the dissimilarity between life and death is bisected by a definitive line - the Holocaust. Accounts of life during the genocide of the Jewish culture emerged from within the considerable array of Holocaust survivors, among of which are Elie Wiesel’s Night and Simon Wiesenthal’s The Sunflower. Both accounts of the Holocaust dive rge in the main concepts in each work; Wiesel and WiesenthalRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Night In Night By Elie Wiesel1053 Words   |  5 Pagessometimes you don’t even fear this happening. In the book Night the author Elie Wiesel takes the reader to a place in time that they wouldn‘t ever want to be; a place with terrifying experiences were the usually. All of these awful experiences, during the Holocaust, truly changed Elie as a character. Before, Elie was sent off to a concentration camp he had many good character traits. For example, Wiesel states on page 109, it speaks of Elie being caring. â€Å"‘Eliezer...Eliezer†¦ tell them not to beatRead MoreThe Holocaust Violated Human Rights Essay example2617 Words   |  11 Pagesworn on the upper arm that bore the blue Star of David against a white background (Schoenberner 34). During the Holocaust, the Nazis established concentration camps soon after Hitler took control of Germany. During the war, the Germans created ghettos, transit camps, and labor camps to imprison the Jews. After Hitler launched the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, the murdering process of Jews began. There were extermination camps and death camps that contained gassing facilities (WollenbergRead More Night Essays1095 Words   |  5 PagesJews, Gypsies, Slavs and gays by Nazi Germany. In order to get a good sense of the horror and despair that was felt by the interned, one simpl y needs to read the memoirs of Elie Wiesel in his â€Å"Night†, as translated from French by Stella Rodway and copyrighted by Bantam Books in 1960. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Elie Wiesel was born in Sighet, Transylvania. His parents ran a shop and cared for him and his three siblings, Hilda, Bea, and Tzipora. Early on, the Jewish community of Sighet payed littleRead MoreEssay on Literary Insperation of the Holocaust1664 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognized writer of the holocaust is Elie Wiesel. He was taken from his home and put into the concentration camps when he was still a young boy. Wiesel once said, I write in order to understand as much as to be understood. He was liberated in 1945 and, once he was liberated he imposed a ten-year vow of silence upon himself before trying to describe what had happened to him and over six million other Jews. In a lecture on the dimensions of the holocaust Wiesel said, The Holocaust as LiteraryRead MoreThe Battle Of Normandy And The Liberation Of Europe1101 Words   |  5 Pagesinvaded Hungary at midnight on March 18, 1944. Few people believed they were in any danger. The night begins with a description of the character Moshe-Shames, the beadle of the town s synagogue and one of the humblest residents, who vainly warns the inhabitants to flee and escape. While the Allies were preparing for the Battle of Normandy and the liberation of Europe during May and June of that year, Wiesel and his family, together with 15,000 other Jews from Sighet and an additional 18,000 from neighboring

Who Moved My Cheese - 1579 Words

Change is undeniable fact of life and change in healthcare is not different. Often, the changes are small, easily missed, and quickly accepted. Other changes are large, sweeping in scope, and cause a great deal of stress in those not prepared for it. Who Moved My Cheese?, by Spencer Johnson, is a short parable about four different characters adapting or not adapting to unexpected change. This story and the lessons it contains, can serve as a guideline to adapting to change in both one’s professional and personal life. But change is a difficult and frightening experience, and resistance to change is often also an undeniable fact of life. The Four Characters There are four characters in Who Moved My Cheese? who can each represent different parts of a person’s personality. They can also represent different kinds of people within an organization. These characters are the mice, Sniff and Scurry, and the little people, Hem and Haw, who search the maze daily for cheese. The daily search for cheese is a metaphor for a person going out in the world to find what makes him or her happy in life (Johnson, 1998). When the four characters’ large stash of cheese at Cheese Station C is found to be empty one day, they are forced to face the problem of an unexpected change. Each of these characters takes a different approach to this problem with varying success. Each of these characters can be loosely associated with certain groups in Rogers’ bell curve of innovation adoption (seeShow MoreRelatedWho Moved My Cheese by Spencer Johnson1037 Words   |  4 PagesWho Moved My Cheese? is a motivational book written by Spencer Johnson in the form of a business fable. The book was said to be written to reveal profound truths to individuals and organizations dealing with change. Mr. Johnson has sold over 26 million copies and published his work in 37 different languages putting it amongst the best-selling books of all time. Mr. Johnson saw the discouragement that overcame people after failing to adjust to something that has altered their lives so he was influenceRead MoreWho Moved My Cheese1185 Words   |  5 Pages Who Moved My Cheese Who Moved My Cheese by Spencer Johnson, tells the story of how our surrounding environment changes, how we need deal with these changes instead of adapting to it, and how to succeed in life. In this story there are four characters: two mice, Sniff and Scurry and two litter people Haw and Hem, all of them looking for cheese in the maze to survive. Every day, they put their jogging suit and their running shoes to find their favorite cheese. The two mice use the try error methodRead MoreWho Moved My Cheese817 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Who Moved My Cheese is a well-articulated business fable about how to deal with change in organizations, personal life, and in various situations involving changing paradigms. There are four characters identified in the fable and are described in the below figure. It’s important to note that both Sniff and Scurry are mice in the story and Hem and Haw represent two little people. This paper is being written with the objective of identifying the character in the fable whichRead MoreWho Moved My Cheese1896 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Who Moved My Cheese? tells a story of change, of how we react to it, and the trouble we can find ourselves in when we dont follow that change. The story is about four characters, two mice, and two little people. The characters live in a maze chasing cheese. The cheese represents anything we chase after in life and believe it will make us happy. The story details the trials and troubles we all have in daily lives. Book Summary Who Moved My Cheese?, by Spencer Johnson, is a parableRead MoreWho Moved My Cheese?817 Words   |  4 PagesWho Moved My Cheese? â€Æ' Ever read a story that relates to your personal life? I just recently read the story Who Moved My Cheese? , By Spencer Johnson. I’m not much of a reader, but this story really made me think. This story makes you think about the way you live your life and how you deal with change in your life. The author could have easily just given the message in a few paragraphs, but he gave the messages in a story involving two mice and two little people stuck in a maze. They all areRead MoreWho Moved My Cheese1509 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract â€Å"Who Moved My Cheese† is a story about the simplicities and complications of life. The differences between the four characters depict each of our emotional states and how we react to change in our lives. Who Moved My Cheese is a story about the simplicities and complications of life. The differences between the four characters depict each of our emotional states and how we react to change in our lives. The four characters are Sniff, Scurry, Hem and Haw who reveal the different stages weRead MoreWho Moved My Cheese?876 Words   |  4 Pages In the video â€Å"Who Moved My Cheese?† the mice that were less complex minded, inventoried their food â€Å"cheese† daily and realized the need for change with situation (shortage). On the other hand, the two little men got comfortable in familiar surroundings, letting their guard down, and not realizing the subtle changes in their environment. The two little men followed their daily route to the food, only to notice the food was gone. â€Å"Hem† one of the two men believed that the cheese would come backRead MoreWho Moved My Cheese?905 Words   |  4 PagesWho Moved My Cheese? is a story of four characters: two mice ( Sn iff and Scurry) and two little people ( Hem and Haw), The characters live in a maze and are in constant search for cheese. Every morning the mice and the humans went their separate ways, through the corridors and hallways of the maze, in search of cheese. One day both groups stumble upon a â€Å"Cheese Station C.† This corridor had more cheese than any other. Pleased with their findings, Hem and Haw started to get more and more comfortableRead MoreReflection on Who Moved My Cheese1731 Words   |  7 PagesWho Moved My Cheese? This book, by Spencer Johnson, reveals the truths about how we deal with change that happens in our lives which effects us in so many ways, either positively or negatively. The book takes an amusing approach to what happens when you don’t adapt to change and what happens when you do. In the book, cheese is used as a metaphor for what you want to have in life. All my life I wanted the nice house, the beautiful wife, the kids, money, the dog, the nice tuck to pull the niceRead MoreEssay On Who Moved My Cheese1629 Words   |  7 Pages I felt that with â€Å"Who Moved My Cheese† by Spencer Johnson. Many things within the book struck a chord within me. It was as if I was illustrating the book within my own maze and cheese in my life. Further on, I will discuss how it impacted me. The â€Å"cheese† in Johnson’s book is a metaphor in many ways. The â€Å"cheese† represents what we want most in our lives. It is different for all of us, as we all have different end-goals. Lately, I’ve been reaching the â€Å"small amount of cheese† Johnson writes about

Julius Caesar Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Julius Caesar Persuasive Essay William Shakespeare writes the Tragedy of Julius Caesar. This tragic play isbased on historical facts of the life of Julius Caesar. It displays the eventsbefore his death such as his conquest over Pompeys armies and his coronationto be king and after his death. Furthermore, this play describes the minds andmotives of Caesars assassins. He gives a description of Cassius that servesas a prediction on his choices regarding Cassius. In addition, my choices woulddiffer from those of Caesars if I was the exalted ruler. First, in JuliusCaesar, Caesar describes Cassius in the first act and he made choices based onhis description. Caesar referred to Cassius as having a lean and hungry lookand he thinks too much, such men are dangerous. What this means is thatCassius exhibits no signs of cheerfulness and he is not gamesome,indicating that he may be a threat to Caesar. But let not therefore my good friends be grieved (Among which number, Cassius, be you one),Nor construe any further my neglectThan that poor Brutus, with himself at war,Forgets the shows of love to other men. (1.2. 37-46). In Scene I, Cassius utters the first in a series of persuasive remarks designed to win Brutus on the part of King 2the conspiracy to destroy Caesar. But Brutus is incapable of assuming the leadership role as his self-conflict reflects both his personal love of Caesar and his duty to the Republic. He admits, however, that he loves honor more than he fears death, and that he will act in the public good at any cost. Later in the conversation, Brutus reassures Cassius, revealing that he is somewhat inclined toward Cassius’ sentiments. He then promises to consider the information that Cassius has already presented, to discuss it further, and togive him an answer at a later date. For the present, Brutus tells Cassius: Till then, my noble friend, chew upon this: Brutus had rather be a villager Than to repute himself a son of RomeUnder these hard conditions as this timeIs like to lay upon us (1.2. 171-174). Brutus’ noble character is established by both Cassius and Caesar. Brutus is a reflective man, dedicated to the principles of the Republic, to love and friendship, to duty, and to honor. For the sake of honor, he will even face death (as, in fact, he does at the end of the play). But as strongly as he holds to these ideals, he is just as strongly torn by conflicting loyalties to these ideals. Brutus makes decisions deliberately, and he is not quickly influenced by persuasive and passionate argument. He is torn between his love and admiration for Caesar and the anti-Caesar sentiments he admittedly shares with Cassius. The emotions of love and respect for Caesar that Brutus feels are authentic and deep. The effect is to make the political leadership against Caesar impossible. Again, Brutus’ conflict consists of his love for Caesar on one hand, and his concern for the social goodand welfare of the Republic on the other. According to historian Steven Ozment, Brutus â€Å"tends to rationalize his actions by altering his view of its desirability† (qtd. in Roberts 152). He can find no justification to gain the political leadership of the conspiracy against Caesar in Caesar’s past actions; therefore, he finds justification for it in what Caesar might become. He assumes that Caesar will develop into a somewhat bombastic and unbearable tyrant if he is crowned king. On the basis of this assumption, he decides to murder him. The flaw of his reasoning is that Brutus does not raise the question of whether or King 3not a moral end justifies immoral means, nor does he consider that his actions may be met with public disapproval. .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 , .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 .postImageUrl , .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 , .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774:hover , .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774:visited , .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774:active { border:0!important; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774:active , .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774 .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua682d7f95c98b858d6a50193cee26774:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plowing UP New Soil with World Agriculture EssayBrutus overcomes his natural sense of shame over the idea of conspiracy and murder. As demonstrated in his soliloquy, he convinces himself that Caesar will ultimately become a dictator:And since my quarrel with Caesar cannot be justified by what he actually is,I must work it out in this way: that what he is, developed and extended,Is likely to reach such and such extremes so that I must kill Caesar (2.1. 29-34). Brutus is convinced that the souls of free men suffer by the potentiality of Caesar’s coronation, and that the conspirators are all honest Romans, concerned only with the good of the state. He believes in their cause, but his nobility and self-conflict prevents him from leading the conspiracy. Finally, Brutus conceives of Caesar’s death as a religious sacrifice rather than a human slaughter. He is blind to the possibility that his sacrifice may, in fact, be sacrilege, because the gods have ordained Caesar’s rule. Although Brutus is too weak and too conflicted to assume leadership of the conspiracy, Shakespeare weaves the recurrent motif of honor and honesty around his gentle characterization of Brutus. In so doing, he undoubtedly confirms that the corruption and instability of human nature does, in fact, have a negative impact on the noblest plans. King 4Shakespeare Essays

Musculoskeletal disorders free essay sample

1. An x-ray examination of the thoracic spine reveals osteopenic changes at T7. What does this mean? Osteopenia means that the bone is thinning which could lead to fractures. Bone thinning leads to osteoporosis. Decreased bone density occurs as people age. BMD determines bone strength and it peaks around 25-30 years of age. After these peak years, bone breabsorption exceeds bone building which causes a decrease in bone density. Ignatavicius, D., D. Workman, M., L. (2013). 2. The physician suspects osteoporosis. List seven risk factors associated with osteoporosis. Cigarette smoking Obesity Lack of exercise Postmentopausal Low calcium intake Low weight and BMI Alcohol and caffeine consumption Ignatavicius, D., D. Workman, M., L. (2013). 3. Place a star next to those risk factors specific to M.S. 4. What tests could be done to determine whether M.S. has osteoporosis? Which tests is recommended and why? N-teleopeptide (NTX) and C-teleopeptide (CTX) are proteins released when bone is broken down. We will write a custom essay sample on Musculoskeletal disorders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Increases levels of these markers indicate a risk for osteoporosis. A peripheral DXA scan assesses BMD of the heel, forearm, or finger. The Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) can also mearsue bone density and the peripheral quantitative ultrasound (pQUS) detects osteoporosis and it can predict risk for hip fracture. The most commonly used screening for measuring BMD is the dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). This tool is the best one for a definite diagnosis of osteoporosis. With this test the patient can stay dressed, which would be more comforting for the patient since she has not been to the doctor is eleven years. The patient will have to remove any metallic objects  such as belt buckles, coins, keys, or jewelry because these objects may interfere with the test. Ignatavicius, D., D. Workman, M., L. (2013). 5. M.S’s DEXA scan revealed a bone density of -2.6 SD. What does this mean? Osteopenia is present when the T score is at -1 and above -2.5. Since M.S’s DEXA scan showed a bone density of -2.6, she would be diagnosed with osteoporosis. Any score lower than -2.5 indicate osteoporosis. Ignatavicius, D., D. Workman, M., L. (2013). 6. The physician orders alendronate (Fosamax) 70mg/wk. what instructions should you give M.S. regarding alendronate? Fosamax is a biphosphonate that is commonly used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. It would be best to take Fosamax on an empty stomach with plenty of water. Do not lie down or eat for at least 30 minutes after taking the pill. The side effects for Fosamax are abdominal pain, bone/skeletal pain, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and nausea. I would also tell M.S that osteonecrosis of the jaw may occur after dental extraction, root canal, dental implant or other oral surgeries. Lastly I would tell M.S. that oral biphosphonates are commonly associated with a serious problem called esophagitis which is inflammation of the esophagus. If chest discomfort occurs which is a symptom of esophageal irritation, she should discontinue the drug and contact her health care provider. I would assess her for poor renal function, hypocalcemia, and GERD because if she ha s any of these, she would not be able to take Fosamax. Ignatavicius, D., D. Workman, M., L. (2013). 7. What nonpharmacolocic interventions should you teach M.S. to prevent further bone loss? I would recommend decreasing caffeine intake, stop smoking, strength training exercises, walking, eat dark green leafy vegetables for calcium, avoid jarring activities such as horseback riding, get at least 5 minutes of sun exposure per day to activate the vitamin D to help absorb the calcium, and to read the food labels to make sure she increases the calcium intake. Ignatavicius, D., D. Workman, M., L. (2013).